Grouping_feature ,Trait_group,Trait,Definition,Definition_citation_abbrev,Definition_citation
Life history,Voltinism_abbrev,Semivoltine,< 1 generation per year,"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Life history,Voltinism_abbrev,Univoltine,1 generation per year,"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Life history,Voltinism_abbrev,Bi_multivoltine,> 1 generation per year,"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Life history,Emerge_synch_abbrev,Well,Emergence occurs within a matter of days,"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Life history,Emerge_synch_abbrev,Poorly,Emergence occurs within a matter of weeks or months,"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Life history,Emerge_season_1,Spring,Emergence between the months of March and May,NA,NA
Life history,Emerge_season_1,Summer,Emergence between the months of June and August,NA,NA
Life history,Emerge_season_1,Fall,Emergence between the months of September and November,NA,NA
Life history,Emerge_season_1,Winter,Emergence between the months of December and February,NA,NA
Life history,Emerge_season_2,Spring,Emergence between the months of March and May,NA,NA
Life history,Emerge_season_2,Summer,Emergence between the months of June and August,NA,NA
Life history,Emerge_season_2,Fall,Emergence between the months of September and November,NA,NA
Life history,Emerge_season_2,Winter,Emergence between the months of December and February,NA,NA
Dispersal,Female_disp_abbrev,Low,< 1 km flight before laying eggs,"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Dispersal,Female_disp_abbrev,High,> 1 km flight before laying eggs,"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Dispersal,AdultFlyingStrength_abbrev,Weak,"Taking frequent breaks while flying, or flight is low to the ground","Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Dispersal,AdultFlyingStrength_abbrev,Strong,Able to fly into a light breeze or fly for several miles without breaks,"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Morphology,Max_body_size_abbrev,Small,< 9 mm,"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Morphology,Max_body_size_abbrev,Medium,9-16 mm,"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Morphology,Max_body_size_abbrev,Large,> 16 mm,"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Morphology,Resp_abbrev,Tegument,"An outer covering, outer enveloping cell layer, or membrane used to acquire oxygen","Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Morphology,Resp_abbrev,Gills,"A thin walled structure with trachea, used for the absorption of oxygen","Arnett Jr, 2000","Arnett Jr, R.H.A. (2000) American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico, Second Edition, CRC Press."
Morphology,Resp_abbrev,Plastron_spiracle,An air film or bubble on the surface of the body,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Rheophily_abbrev,depo,Depositional; A taxon occupies running-water pools or margins with fine sediments (sand and silt),"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Rheophily_abbrev,depo_eros,Depositional-erosional; A taxon occupies both erosional and depositional habitats,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Rheophily_abbrev,eros,"Erosional; A taxon occupies running-water riffles with coarse sediments (cobbles, pebble, gravel)","Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Thermal_pref,Cold stenothermal (<5 C),Prefers waters < 5 oC,"Vieira et al., 2006","Vieira, N.K., Poff, N.L., Carlisle, D.M., Moulton, S.R., Koski, M.L. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) A database of lotic invertebrate traits for North America. US Geological Survey Data Series, 187, 1–15."
Ecology,Thermal_pref,Cold-cool eurythermal (0-15 C),Prefers waters between 0-15 oC,"Vieira et al., 2006","Vieira, N.K., Poff, N.L., Carlisle, D.M., Moulton, S.R., Koski, M.L. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) A database of lotic invertebrate traits for North America. US Geological Survey Data Series, 187, 1–15."
Ecology,Thermal_pref,Cool-warm eurythermal (5-30 C),Prefers waters between 5-30 oC,"Vieira et al., 2006","Vieira, N.K., Poff, N.L., Carlisle, D.M., Moulton, S.R., Koski, M.L. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) A database of lotic invertebrate traits for North America. US Geological Survey Data Series, 187, 1–15."
Ecology,Thermal_pref,Warm eurythermal (15-30 C),Prefers waters between 15-30 oC,"Vieira et al., 2006","Vieira, N.K., Poff, N.L., Carlisle, D.M., Moulton, S.R., Koski, M.L. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) A database of lotic invertebrate traits for North America. US Geological Survey Data Series, 187, 1–15."
Ecology,Thermal_pref,Hot euthermal (>30 C),Prefers waters > 30 oC,"Vieira et al., 2006","Vieira, N.K., Poff, N.L., Carlisle, D.M., Moulton, S.R., Koski, M.L. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) A database of lotic invertebrate traits for North America. US Geological Survey Data Series, 187, 1–15."
Ecology,Habit_prim,Crawler,Adapted for crawling on the surface of floating leaves of vascular hydrophytes or fine sediments on the bottom of water bodies,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_prim,Burrower,Inhibiting the fine sediment of streams and lakes,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_prim,Clinger,Representatives have behavioral and morphological adaptations for attachment to surfaces in stream riffles and wave-swept rocky littoral zones of lakes,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_prim,Skater,Adapted for skating on the surface where they feed as scavengers on organisms trapped in the surface film,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_prim,Swimmer,Adapted for “fishlike” swimming in lotic or lentic habitats,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_prim,Sprawler,Inhabiting the surface of floating leaves of vascular hydrophytes or fine sediments,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_prim,Climber,Adapted for living on vascular hydrophytes or detrital debris with modifications for moving vertically on stem-type surfaces,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_prim,Planktonic,Inhabiting the open water limnetic zone of standing waters,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_sec,Crawler,Adapted for crawling on the surface of floating leaves of vascular hydrophytes or fine sediments on the bottom of water bodies,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_sec,Burrower,Inhibiting the fine sediment of streams and lakes,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_sec,Clinger,Representatives have behavioral and morphological adaptations for attachment to surfaces in stream riffles and wave-swept rocky littoral zones of lakes,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_sec,Skater,Adapted for skating on the surface where they feed as scavengers on organisms trapped in the surface film,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_sec,Swimmer,Adapted for “fishlike” swimming in lotic or lentic habitats,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_sec,Sprawler,Inhabiting the surface of floating leaves of vascular hydrophytes or fine sediments,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_sec,Climber,Adapted for living on vascular hydrophytes or detrital debris with modifications for moving vertically on stem-type surfaces,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Habit_sec,Planktonic,Inhabiting the open water limnetic zone of standing waters,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Feed_prim_abbrev,PR,"Predator; Insects that ingest prey whole or in parts (engulfers), or pierce prey tissues and suck fluids (piercers)","Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Feed_prim_abbrev,CG,Collector-gatherer; Insects that collect and consume decomposing organic matter,"Cummins, 1973","Cummins, K.W. (1973) Trophic Relations of Aquatic Insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 18, 183–206."
Ecology,Feed_prim_abbrev,CF,Collector-filterer; Insects that collect and filter living algal cells or detritus,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Feed_prim_abbrev,HB,"Herbivore; Insects that scrape algae, or shred or pierce living aquatic plants","Merritt & Cummins, 1996; Poff et al., 2006","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt.; Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Ecology,Feed_prim_abbrev,SH,Shredder; Insects that shred decomposing vascular plant tissue (detritivores),"Poff et al., 2006","Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Ecology,Feed_prim_abbrev,PA,Parasites that consume living animal tissue,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Feed_mode_sec,PR,"Predator; Insects that ingest prey whole or in parts (engulfers), or pierce prey tissues and suck fluids (piercers)","Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Feed_mode_sec,CG,Collector-gatherer; Insects that collect and consume decomposing organic matter,"Cummins, 1973","Cummins, K.W. (1973) Trophic Relations of Aquatic Insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 18, 183–206."
Ecology,Feed_mode_sec,CF,Collector-filterer; Insects that collect and filter living algal cells or detritus,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Feed_mode_sec,HB,"Herbivore; Insects that scrape algae, or shred or pierce living aquatic plants","Merritt & Cummins, 1996; Poff et al., 2006","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt.; Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Vieira, N.K., Finn, D.S., Simmons, M.P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25, 730–755."
Ecology,Feed_mode_sec,SH,Shredder; Insects that shred decomposing vascular plant tissue (detritivores),"Poff et al., 2006","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."
Ecology,Feed_mode_sec,PA,Parasites that consume living animal tissue,"Merritt & Cummins, 1996","Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, Kendall Hunt."